1.Animal Comfort Tool. On farm feedbunk alley floor cleanliness. 2011. https://www.dairyresearch.ca/pdf/2FFLOOR%20 CLEANLINESS%20_BOOT%20TEST_SOP_210311.pdf Accessed 5 August 2017

2.Bicalho, R.C., Machado, V.S. and Caixeta, L.S. 2009. Lameness in dairy cattle: A debilitating disease or a disease of debilitated cattle? A cross-sectional study of lameness prevalence and thickness of the digital cushion. J. Dairy Sci., 92: 3175-3184.

3.Bran, J.A., Darosb, R.R., Keyserlingk, M.A.G.V., LeBlancc, S.J. and Hotzela, M.J. 2018. Cow- and herd-level factors associated with lameness in small-scale grazing dairy herds in Brazil. Prev. Vet. Med., 151: 79-86.

4.Brenninkmeyer, C., Dippel, S., Brinkmann, J., March, S., Winckler, C. and Knierim, U. 2012. Hock lesion epidemiology in cubicle housed dairy cows across two breeds, farming systems and countries. Prev.Vet. Med., 209: 236-245.

5.Chesterton, R.N., Pfeiffer, D.U., Morris, R.S. and Tanner, C.M. 1989. Environmental and behavioural factors affecting the prevalence of foot lameness in New Zealand dairy herds-A case-control study. New Zeal. Vet. J., 37: 135-142.

6.Cook, N.B. 2003. Prevalence of lameness among dairy cattle in Wisconsin as a function of housing type and stall surface. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 223: 1324-1328.

7.Dembele, I., Spink, M., Stehulova, I., Panama, J. and Firla, P. 2006. Factors contributing to the incidence and prevalence of lameness on Czech dairy farms. Czech J. Anim Sci., 51: 102-109.

8.Egger-Danner, C., Nielsen, P., Fiedler, A., Müller, K., Fjeldaas, T., Döpfer, D., Daniel, V., Bergsten, C., Cramer, G., Christen, A.-M., Stock, K. F., Thomas, G., Holzhauer, M., Steiner, A., Clarke, J., Capion, N., Charfeddine, N., Pryce, J.E., Oakes, E., Burgstaller, J., Heringstad, B., Odegard, C. and Kofler, J. 2015. ICAR claw health atlas. First edition. http://www.icar. org/Documents/ICAR_Claw_Health_Atlas.pdf . Accessed 2 August 2017.

9.Fayed, R.H. 1997. Effect of housing systems on behavior and lameness in dairy cows. Veterinary Medical Journal Giza, 45: 101-110.

10.Ferguson, J.D., Galligan, D.T. and Thomsen, N. 1994. Principal descriptors of body condition score in Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci., 77: 2695-2703.

11.Flower, F.C. and Weary. D.M. 2009. Gait assessment in dairy cattle. Animal, 3: 87-95.

12.Gibbons J., Vasseur, E., Rushen, J. and de Passille, A.M. 2012. A training program to ensure high repeatability of injury of dairy cows. Invited paper to Animal Welfare. 21: 379-388.

13.Green, L.E., Huxley, J.N., Banks, C. and Green, M.J. 2014. Temporal associations between low body condition, lameness and milk yield in a UK dairy herd. Prev. Vet. Med., 113: 63- 71.

14.Horseman, S.V., Roe, E.J., Huxley, J.N., Bell, N.J., Mason, C.S. and Whay, H.R. 2014. The use of in-depth interviews to understand the process of treating lame dairy cows from the farmer’s perspective. Animal Welfare, 23: 157-165.

15.Hosmer, D. W., Lemeshow, S., 2000. Applied Logistic Regression. New York: Wiley.

16.Kara, N.K., Galic, A. and Koyuncu, M. 2011. Effects of stall type and bedding materials on lameness and hygiene score and effect of lameness on some reproductive problems in dairy cattle. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 39: 334-338.

17.Lim, P.Y., Huxley, J.N., Willshire , J.A., Green, M.J., Othman A.R. and Kaler, J. 2015. Unravelling the temporal association between lameness and body condition score in dairy cattle using a multistate modeling approach. Prev. Vet. Med., 118: 370-377.

18.Lohith, J., Kataktalware, M.A., Manjunath, D.R., Adarsha, B.D. and Nagappa, B. 2016a. Effect of leg and feet traits on hoof problems or lameness in crossbred dairy cattle under field conditions. Int. J. Livest. Res., 6: 2277-1964.

19.Lohith, J., Reddy, A.O., Nagappa, B. and Manjunath, D.R. 2016b. The study of incidence of lameness in relations to claw traits in crossbred dairy cattle under field conditions. Int. J. Livest. Res., 6: 31-36.

20.Matore, Z., Woods, P. and Kagler, S. 2018. Risk factors and indicators of reduced welfare of grazing dairy cows from selected smallholder dairy farms in midlands province, Zimbabwe. Trop. Anim. Health Pro., 50: 1059-1064.

21.Moreira, T.F., Nicolino, R.R., de Andrade, L.S., Filho, E.J.F. and de Carvalho, A.U. 2018. Prevalence of lameness and hoof lesions in all year-round grazing cattle in Brazil. Trop. Anim. Health Pro., 50: 1829-1834.

22.Mostafa, A.S. and Mahran, H.A. 2016. Assessment of welfare and health of dairy cows under different housing and management systems. J. Appl. Vet. Sci., 1: 57-69.

23.Nash, C.G., Kelton D.F., DeVries, T.J., Vasseur, E., Coe, J., Heyerhoff, J.C., Bouffard, V., Pellerin, D., Rushen, J., de Passille, A.M. and Haley, D.B. 2016. Prevalence of and risk factors for hock and knee injuries on dairy cows in tiestall housing in Canada. J. Dairy Sci., 99: 6494-6506.

24.Phillips, C.J.C. and Morris, I.D. 2001. The locomotion of dairy cows on flor surfaces with different frictional properties. J. Dairy Sci., 8: 623-628.

25.Randall, L.V., Green, M.J., Chagunda, M.G.G., Mason, C., Archer, S.C., Green, L.E. and Huxley, J.N. 2015. Low body condition predisposes cattle to lameness: An 8-year study of one dairy herd. J. Dairy Sci., 98: 3766-3777.

26.Relun, A., Lehebel, A., Chesnin, A., Guatteo, R. and Bareille, N. 2013. Association between digital dermatitis lesions and testday milk yield of Holstein cows from 41 French dairy farms. J. Dairy Sci., 96: 2190-2200.

27.Rowlands, G.J., Russell, A.M. and Williams, L.A. 1985. Effects of stage of lactation, month, age, origin and heart girth on lameness in dairy cattle. Vet. Rec., 117: 576-580.

28.Rutherford, K.M.D., Langford, F.M., Jack, M.C., Sherwood, L., Lawrence, A.B. and Haskell, M.J. 2009. Lameness prevalence and risk factors in organic and non-organic dairy herds in the United Kingdom. Vet. J., 180: 95-105.

29.Sadiq, M.B., Ramanoon, S.Z., Mansor, R., Hussain, S.S.S. and Mossadeq, W.M.S. 2017. Prevalence of lameness, claw lesions, and associated risk factors in dairy farms in Selangor, Malaysia. Trop. Anim. Health Pro., 49: 1741-1748.

30.Schreiner, D.A. and Ruegg, P.L. 2003. Relationship between udder and leg hygiene scores and subclinical mastitis. J. Dairy Sci., 86: 3460-3465.

31.Sharma, A. and Phillips, C.J.C. 2019. Lameness in sheltered cows and its association with cow and shelter attributes. Animals, 9: 360. doi:10.3390/ani9060360

32.Singh, A., Singh, S., Gupta, D.K. and Bansal, B.K. 2018. Relationship of lameness to body condition score, udder health and milk quality in crossbred dairy cattle. Vet. Arh., 88: 179-190.

33.Sogstad, A.M., Fjeldaas, T. and Osteras, O. 2011. Association of claw disorders with claw horn colour in Norwegian red cattle - a cross-sectional study of 2607 cows from 112 herds. Acta. Vet. Scand., 53: 59.

34.Solano,L., Barkema, W.H., Pajor, E.A., Mason,S.,LeBlanc, J.S., Heyerhoff, Z.C.J., Nash, R.G.C., Haley, B.D., Vasseur, E., Pellerin, D., Rushen, J., Passille, M.A. and Orsel, K. 2015. Prevalence of lameness and associated risk factors in Canadian Holstein- Friesian cows housed in freestall barns. J. Dairy Sci., 98: 6978-6991.

35.Sprecher, D.J., Hostetler, D.E. and Kaneene, J.B. 1997. A lameness scoring system that uses posture and gait to predict dairy cattle reproductive performance. Theriogenology, 47: 1179-1187.

36.Thomas, H.J, Remnant, J.G, Bollard, N.J, Burrows, A., Whay, H.R., Bell, N.J, Mason, C. and Huxley, J.N. 2016. Recovery of chronically lame dairy cows following treatment for claw horn lesions: a randomised controlled trial. Vet. Rec., 178: 116.

37.Tyagi, K., Lathwal, S.S., Sharma, J., Devi, I., Gupta, R., Patbandha, T.K. and Tewari, H. 2017. Lameness in crossbred cows: Its effect on productive and reproductive performance. Indian J. Dairy Sci., 70: 443-446.

38.Van der Tol, P.P.J., Metz, J.H.M., Noordhuizen-Stassen, E.N., Back, W., Braam, C.R. and Weijs, W.A. 2005. Frictional forces required for unrestrained locomotion in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 88: 615-624.

39.Whay, H.R. and Shearer, J.K. 2017. The impact of lameness welfare of the dairy cow. Vet. Clin. N. Am-Food A., 33: 153- 164.

40.Whitaker, D.F., Kelly, J.M. and Smith, E.J. 1983. Incidence of lameness in dairy cows. Vet. Rec., 113: 60-62.